Understanding EMP: Types, Reach, and Impact

Discovery of EMP
The EMP effect was first observed during the early 1960s during the Starfish Prime nuclear test. This high-altitude detonation over the Pacific Ocean caused widespread electrical disruptions in Hawaii, thousands of kilometers away. This unexpected outcome highlighted the potential destructive power of EMP.
Reach of EMP
The reach of EMP depends on several factors, including:

• Type of EMP: There are three main types:
• Nuclear EMP (NEMP): Generated by nuclear explosions, especially high-altitude ones. The range can be vast, covering entire continents.
• High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP): A specific type of NEMP with a particularly wide range.
• Non-Nuclear EMP (NNEMP): Created by non-nuclear devices. The range is typically much smaller than NEMP.
• Yield of the explosion: Larger explosions produce stronger EMP effects.
• Altitude of the detonation: High-altitude detonations create more widespread EMP.
• Terrain and atmospheric conditions: These can affect the propagation of EMP.
  Generally speaking:
• NEMP and HEMP can potentially affect vast areas, even entire continents.
• NNEMP has a more limited range, typically affecting areas within a few kilometers.
  It’s important to note that while the potential for widespread damage from EMP is significant, technological advancements have led to increased protection measures for critical infrastructure.