Introduction

The concept of a “Just War” has been a subject of philosophical and theological debate for centuries. Both Catholic Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy have developed their own interpretations of this concept, drawing on the teachings of religious leaders and philosophers throughout history. This thesis will explore the Just War theory as it is understood within these two major Christian traditions, examining the historical development, key principles, and contemporary applications of this doctrine.

Historical Development of Just War Theory

The roots of Just War theory can be traced back to the early Christian era. Early Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas developed a framework for understanding when war could be justified. Augustine, in his work “City of God,” argued that war, while not inherently good, could be a necessary evil if waged for a just cause. Thomas Aquinas, building on Augustine’s work, outlined specific criteria for a just war, including just cause, right intention, legitimate authority, and proportionality.

In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Just War theory has also been a significant topic of discussion. While the Orthodox Church does not have a formalized doctrine of Just War as detailed as the Catholic Church, its teachings on love, justice, and self-defense have informed its understanding of warfare. Orthodox theologians have often emphasized the importance of seeking peace and avoiding war whenever possible. However, they have also recognized that there may be circumstances where war is necessary to protect innocent lives and defend one’s homeland.

Key Principles of Just War Theory

Both Catholic and Orthodox Just War theory share several key principles:

  1. Just Cause: A just war must be waged in response to a serious wrong, such as aggression or the violation of fundamental human rights.
  2. Right Intention: The primary motive for war must be to restore justice and peace, not to seek vengeance or territorial gain.
  3. Legitimate Authority: War must be declared by a legitimate authority, such as a sovereign state.
  4. Proportionality: The harm inflicted by war must be proportionate to the evil being addressed.
  5. Last Resort: War should only be considered as a last resort, after all peaceful means of resolving the conflict have been exhausted.
  6. Probability of Success: There must be a reasonable chance of achieving the war’s objectives.

Contemporary Applications of Just War Theory

In the 21st century, Just War theory continues to be relevant in addressing complex global challenges. While the traditional criteria remain important, contemporary thinkers have also considered additional factors, such as the impact of modern warfare on civilians and the environment.

One significant challenge in applying Just War theory to contemporary conflicts is the increasing use of terrorism and asymmetrical warfare. These types of conflicts often blur the lines between combatants and civilians, making it difficult to determine whether the principles of proportionality and discrimination can be upheld.

Another challenge is the growing power of non-state actors, such as terrorist organizations and militias. These groups often do not adhere to traditional norms of warfare, making it difficult to apply Just War theory to their actions.

Philosophical Perspectives on the Necessity of War

Beyond religious traditions, philosophers have also explored the question of whether war is ever necessary. Some philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes, have argued that the state of nature is a state of war, and that only through the establishment of a strong sovereign power can peace be maintained. Others, such as Immanuel Kant, have emphasized the importance of international law and cooperation in preventing war.

In recent times, philosophers such as Michael Walzer have sought to refine and update Just War theory to address the challenges of modern warfare. Walzer argues that while war can be a tragic necessity, it must always be subject to moral constraints.

Conclusion

Just War theory offers a framework for understanding the complex moral issues surrounding the use of force. While both Catholic Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy share a commitment to peace and nonviolence, they also recognize that there may be circumstances where war is a necessary evil. By applying the principles of Just War theory, we can strive to minimize the suffering caused by conflict and work towards a more just and peaceful world.

Resources for Just War Theory

Primary Sources

  • Augustine of Hippo: City of God
  • Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica
  • Various Church Fathers and Doctors (e.g., Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, John Chrysostom)

Secondary Sources

Scholarly Articles and Books

  • Michael Walzer: Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations
  • James Turner Johnson: Just War Tradition and the Modern World: International Law, Morality, and Contemporary Conflict

Online Databases

  • JSTOR
  • Google Scholar
  • Project MUSE

Additional Tips

  • Consult with a librarian or professor: They can provide specific guidance on finding relevant sources.
  • Utilize interlibrary loan: If a specific book or article is not available in your local library, you can request it through interlibrary loan.
  • Explore digital archives: Websites like HathiTrust and Internet Archive offer access to digitized historical texts.
  • Consider philosophical and political science journals: These can provide contemporary perspectives on Just War theory.

By utilizing these resources, you can delve deeper into the rich history and complex nuances of Just War theory in both Catholic Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy.

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