A Comparative Analysis: Just War Theory in Western and Eastern Traditions

Introduction

The concept of a “Just War” has been a subject of philosophical and theological debate for centuries. While the West, particularly Catholic Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy, has developed a formalized doctrine of Just War, Eastern traditions, such as those found in ancient Chinese philosophy and military strategy, have offered alternative perspectives on the morality of warfare. This thesis will explore the key principles and historical development of Just War theory in both Western and Eastern traditions, examining the similarities and differences between these two approaches.

Just War Theory in Western Tradition

Catholic Christianity

Catholic Just War theory, rooted in the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, outlines a set of criteria for a just war:

1. Just Cause: War must be waged in response to a serious wrong, such as aggression or the violation of fundamental human rights.
2. Right Intention: The primary motive for war must be to restore justice and peace, not to seek vengeance or territorial gain.
3. Legitimate Authority: War must be declared by a legitimate authority.
4. Proportionality: The harm inflicted by war must be proportionate to the evil being addressed.
5. Last Resort: War should only be considered as a last resort, after all peaceful means of resolving the conflict have been exhausted.
6. Probability of Success: There must be a reasonable chance of achieving the war’s objectives.

Eastern Orthodoxy

While Eastern Orthodoxy does not have a formalized doctrine of Just War as detailed as the Catholic Church, its teachings on love, justice, and self-defense have informed its understanding of warfare. Orthodox theologians have often emphasized the importance of seeking peace and avoiding war whenever possible. However, they have also recognized that there may be circumstances where war is necessary to protect innocent lives and defend one’s homeland.

Just War Theory in Eastern Tradition

Chinese Philosophy and Military Strategy

Chinese philosophy and military strategy, particularly as articulated in the works of Sun Tzu and other classical thinkers, offers a different perspective on the morality of war. While these texts do not explicitly address the concept of a “just war,” they provide insights into the ethical considerations involved in warfare.

Sun Tzu’s The Art of War emphasizes the importance of strategic thinking, deception, and the avoidance of unnecessary bloodshed. He argues that a skillful commander should seek to win without fighting, and that war should be a last resort. However, when war is unavoidable, it should be conducted with the aim of minimizing casualties and maximizing strategic advantage.

Other Chinese philosophers, such as Confucius and Mencius, also addressed the issue of war. Confucius, for example, emphasized the importance of humaneness and the avoidance of violence. However, he also recognized that there may be circumstances where war is necessary to uphold justice and maintain social order.

Comparing Western and Eastern Perspectives

While Western and Eastern traditions differ in their specific approaches to Just War theory, they share some common themes. Both traditions emphasize the importance of just cause, right intention, and proportionality. They also recognize that war should be a last resort and that it should be conducted with the aim of minimizing suffering.

However, there are also significant differences between the two traditions. Western Just War theory tends to focus on the moral justification of war, while Eastern traditions often emphasize the strategic and tactical aspects of warfare. Western theorists often prioritize the protection of individual rights, while Eastern thinkers may prioritize the collective good of the nation or state.

Conclusion

Just War theory, as understood in both Western and Eastern traditions, offers a valuable framework for analyzing the moral implications of warfare. While the specific criteria and principles may vary, both traditions share a common goal: to minimize the suffering caused by conflict and to promote a more just and peaceful world. By understanding the similarities and differences between these two approaches, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of war and peace.

No rational individual considers war a desirable course of action. However, Xi Jinping of the Chinese Communist Party is relentlessly advancing his strategy of gray warfare at every opportunity.